Best Global Warming Solution

In SG we deliberately reduce the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth, either by Earth Brightening, modifying the atmosphere with reflective particles, or placing barriers in outer space to deflect some incoming sunlight. However, full global warming reversal requires too much area to modify and can cause weather problems.

Mitigating yearly global warming increases. This solution is based on Dr. Feinberg's peer reviewed paper (Ref. 1). Goal is to provide just enough Solar Geoengineering (SG) to reverse the potential yearly increases in global warming. This gives needed time for CO2 reductions. Since we are only reducing yearly increase in global warming and not a total reversal, the yearly SG area requirements are 50x smaller than total global warming SG mitigation increasing feasibility. While this solution is also difficult, it is still more practical and feasible than fast CO2 reductions.

When a surface is cooled less heat is released from the Earth. GHGs trap heat not light so the light easily escapes back to outerspace. This makes SG 40% more efficient because it not only cools the earth but also reduces the GHG effect. CO2 reduction only reduces the GHG effect by comparison.

Is almost one and half times as effective as GHG removal because does 2 things: cools the Earth and reduces the GHG effect

1. Stop World-Wide Negative Solar Geoengineering (NSG): NSG is the worldwide use of dark surfaces such as roads, roofs and buildings (see the website: BanBlackRoads.org). Wars also cause NSG. NSG has a local heating and a global warming effect. Globally NSG is anticipated to result in 6.5% of the global warming (Ref. 6).

Which causes more global warming in a sunny parking lot - A white gas car or a black EV car?? Is a black EV car defective??

We can buy white cars, brighten our house and driveways. This is not a major contribution it is something we can do. Using black colors outside is bad behavior.

There are a number of projects for Earth brightening that reduces local heat (Project MEER, Reflective Earth, Global Cool Cities Alliance, etc). The key requirement is to reduce the surface temperatures worldwide by the correct area needed (0.03% to 0.06% Earth Area/Yr.) to slow global temperature rises and stop annual global warming. Earth brightening can be effective in southern overheated cities, ocean mirrors, mountain top brightening to increase snow and reflectivity. A key issue is to find enough land and hotspots to cool. The larger the change in reflectivity (dark to bright) the less area required per Ref. 1.

We need fleets of AI drones to paint the large areas required for yearly Earth Brightening. This should be developed by places like Space X and NASA as AI Drone painting is needed we should mitigating the Earth's hotspots and Cities.

Here we reflect or block a small percentage of sunlight from reaching the Earth (about 0.003% equivalent Earth area percent/year). Although expensive this is the most efficient way to reduce the Earth's temperature increases every year. This requires space agencies to help. We might ask the question, Why are space agencies busy planning trips to outerspace when our Earth is in serious trouble and needs their ASG help ASAP?

This involves injection of reflective particles into the stratosphere to reflect the suns energy away. We suggest that this method while feasible, does not last from year to year as particles dissipate and needs full maintenance of previous years plus the next year. Method 1 and 2 requires less maintenance. Therefore, in the annual approach it is not a primary method. In Ref. 1, area requirements are also quite large.

4. Population Control: Global warming is due to man. Under zero population growth about half of global warming increase each year would be mitigated (Ref. 10). Therefore population control is essential.

References:

Feinberg A (2024) Annual Solar Geoengineering: Mitigating Yearly Global Warming Increases , Climate 12, no. 2: 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12020026
MIT Study on Roads: AzariJafari, H., Kirchain, R., Gregory, J. “Mitigating Climate Change with Reflective Pavements.” CSHub Topic Summary. 2020. Volume 2020, Issue 3. https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/images/Albedo%201113_0.pdf
EPA 2005 Study Cambridge Systematics (2005). Cool Pavement Report, Heat Island Reduction Initiative.https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.648.3147&rep=rep1&type=pd
EPA 2014 Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-08/documents/coolpavescompendium_ch5.pdf, last accessed 1/3/201=23
Feinberg A (2022) Solar Geoengineering Modeling and Applications for Mitigating Global Warming: Assessing Key Parameters and the Urban Heat Island Influence, Frontiers in Climate, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.870071

Feinberg A 2023. "Urbanization Heat Flux Modeling Confirms It Is a Likely Cause of Significant Global Warming: Urbanization Mitigation Requirements" Land 12, no. 6: 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061222

Pavements are responsible for a Lot of the UHI effect: https://news.mit.edu/2021/countering-climate-change-cool-pavements-0822

Cities are 10-15oC hotter: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/cities-are-often-10-15-degc-hotter-their-rural-surroundings-2022-07-25_en

Zhang, P.; Ren, G.; Qin, Y.; Zhai, Y.; Zhai, T.; Tysa, S.K.; Xue, X.; Yang, G.; Sun, X. Urbanization effects on estimates of global trends in mean and extreme air temperature. J. Clim. 2021, 34, 1923–1945

Feinberg A (2023) Climate sensitivity and feedback estimates using correlated rates: Consideration of an urbanization influence, ResearchGate (Submitted

11.Podcast (youtube) TalkWorldRadio.org with David Swanson (a Nobel Peace Prize Nominee and US Peace Prize recipient). Here we talk about the Best Global Warming Solution on YouTube

12. Podcast Vital Signs: On Ban Black Roads 10 Min to 30 min mark Best Global Warming Solution 31 to 59 Min Ma

DfRSoft Climate Calculators: Calculator 2 is for Annual Solar Geoengineering Calculator, Global Warming, Urban Heat Island Cool Road Estimates and More: (Download Excel Calculator Here). This powerful but easy to use calculator estimates how area each year we need to make reflective to mitigate yearly global warming increases for Earth Brightening, Space Sunshades, and SAI. It also has other calculators. Calculator 1 can estimate areas required to cool cities (UHIs) with cool roads, roofs, and/or building areas. The city (UHI) calculator reproduces a 2020 MIT LA study on cool road estimates for air temperature reduction as a verification. Calculator 3 estimates global warming earth energy budget for different time periods. Calculator 4 estimates the amount of global warming due to urbanization (ISA and AHR). All Calculators includes simple instructions for use. It is based on Dr. Feinberg's peer reviewed physics based modeling publications that includes inputs for background climate GW effects and UHI microclimate estimates.

MORE INFORMATION ABOUT NEGATIVE SOLAR GEOENGINEERING
Dark Surfaces are a Major Cause of Heat Waves & Adds to Global Warming

-> Increases the Greenhouse Gas Effect & Greenhouse Gases

-> Black Roads Cause 7.5 X More Heat (Watts/Acre) Than Solar Power

Discourages Solar Geoengineering Efforts (Ref. 1, 5)

·      Black Roads Get Hot in the Sun - Cause Heat Pollution leading to Health Hazard: They are really bad for our environment. It is a local and global crisis. Black Roads in a global warming crisis is just stupid?? Studies confirm serious issues. A recent MIT study states that black roads increase city heat on average by 1.3C-4C (2.3F-7F), heat waves by 41% and there are twice as many life threatening heat wave days because of black roads in the summer (Ref. 2, 7). Studies indicate that these heat waves are a high health hazard all over urban areas. Studies since 2005 show that cool roads are not more expensive. The devil is in the details and it is time to stop painting the Earth Black, its bad behavior. New roads - even hotter by 4^oF (see Picture).

·      Black Earth - Roads, Roofs & Cars Excite Greenhouse Gases (GHGs): The Sun creates heat on any surface but is worse on black Earth surface due to its color. To make matters worse, 62% of this heat comes right back due to greenhouse gases (GHGs). That is what GHGs do, the Earth heats, especially black surfaces in the sun, this heat rises and much of it is absorbed by GHGs in the atmosphere. Then the GHGs re emit it in all direction with 62% on average coming back to Earth. To make matters worse, hot roads warm the air expanding it so warm air holds more water vapor. Why do we care, because water vapor is the strongest greenhouse gas and this causes more warming. But that keeps going in a water vapor feedback loop, warming cause more water vapor which causes more warming etc. Therefore, black roads, roofs, cars and dark building heat actually increase and create water vapor GHGs which is much worse than CO2 in its ability to absorb and re-radiate. The truth is, we do not know the extent of the global warming damage caused by the dark surfaces we create, but we need to stop this bad behavior of painting the Earth black now.

·      Negative Solar Geoengineering: Continuing to manufacture black roads, dark roofs, cars & buildings is terrible behavior in a climate crisis. One helpful solution is solar geoengineering which reduces the Sun's energy from being absorbed by Earth similar to a mirror that reflects the sun away from the Earth. Yet, we are busy painting the Earth black with dark roads, roofs, dark buildings, and cars. This is negative solar geoengineering and ruins our chances to make positive advances in solar geoengineering (Ref. 1). We need to brighten the Earth not paint it black.

·       Studies & Their Info: (2005-Present)

· 2020 MIT Study (Ref. 2, 7): A MIT pavement study (Azarjafari et al., 2020) concluded that in all U.S. urban areas, an increased temperature of 1.3°C-4°C occurs in summer months and heatwaves are 41% more intense with 50% more heatwave days due to asphalt pavements. MIT also concluded that cool pavements are just as economical to install and maintain. Expansion of cities is increasing rapidly where 55% of the world’s population lives and this is expected to grow to about 70% by 2050 (wo).rldbank, 2020

· 2005, 2014 EPA Study (Ref. 3): This study also claimed similar to the MIT study that it was a major issue for cities. Cool roads should be used everywhere and they are not more expensive.

· How much heat does a black road create (Ref. 5): One acre of a black road or roof yields about 2.5GWh per year. This is about 7.5 times more energy in heat than a solar power plant produces where studies found they average about 0.33 GWh per acre per year. This also equates to 74,000 gallons of gasoline energy per yr. for 1 acre of a black road.

· Global Warming (Ref. 6): Black roads are estimated to have about a 1.1% global warming influence. Changing to concrete would increase the reflectivity by about a factor of 5 and reduce global warming by about 5.5%. This is conservative - there are factors that are not well known such as the amount of water vapor feedback dark surfaces produce.

·       How Much Global Warming is Caused by Urbanization Ref. 6 and 9

According to a new study, Ref. 9, worldwide measurements find that urbanization causes 12.7% of global warming. According to a recent study, Ref. 6, this is broken down where 6.5% is due to solar heating of dark surfaces including building sides, streets and roof tops, while another 6.5% is due to energy consumption that turns into heat like heating our homes. Below is a chart with the break down.

Negative Solar Geoengineering Examples: It is bad behavior painting the Earth Black. These are simple color choice. Before we can mitigate global warming with positive solar geoengineering, we need to stop the negative behavior first.

Contact: HeatPollution@gmail.com